What were the motivations of war in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What were the motivations of war in Iraq - Essay Example The motivation of the war on Iraq includes political, economic and social factors. Nonetheless, it is notable that later, the war faced a lot of resistance and opposition even from the Americans themselves. This is due to the negative consequences or implications of the war on the Iraq people, Americans and the two economies. This essay gives a critical analysis and discussion on US war on Iraq with a view of arguing that the motivation for the war was not justified. In 2003, the Bush administration argued that Iraq was a security threat to the US. This was based on assertions that Iraq had links with Al Qaeda terrorist group. This was translated to mean that Iraq was a terrorist threat to the American people (Sirin 254). On the other hand it is argued that Bush failed to prove the link between terrorists and Iraq (McHugh 458). In justifying the war, the Bush administration pointed out that there was a connection between the masterminds of the September 11 terror attacks and Saddam H ussein, the then Iraqi leader (Coe 307). Nonetheless it is further argued that there is no evidence to support this connection (McHugh 459). The connection was related to postulates that Saddam was actively manufacturing weapons of mass murder. It was further predicted that there was a likelihood that these weapons would fall into the hands of the Al Qaeda group of terrorists (Fisher and Nigel 688). ... Analysis of these assertions only act to disclose that the issue of nuclear threat from Iraq was not an honest justification for the war. Moreover, it has been argued that the US administration was aware that military action was not the best strategy of fighting terror and yet went ahead to declare war against Iraq (Miller 53). The risks that the Iraq war was associated with such as recruitment of terrorists and nuclear weapons falling in the hands of terrorists act to further demonstrate that the justification of the Bush government were not adequate to lead into war (Biggar 30). America’s commitment to fight terrorism was revealed by the Bush administration which budgeted for $1 billion for the sake of funding the operations of CIA within Iraq (Miller 57). A story published by Newsweek titles â€Å"The Salvador Option† described the plans of the pentagon to legitimate death squads that were aimed at countering any resistance to the US’s occupation in Iraq (Blan ka 287). The publication disclosed that the Bush administration deemed the Sunni population as supports of terrorists and as a result they had to pay a price (Coe 320). It is because of this that the US invasion of Iraq has been described as a dirty war which was not based on unreliable evidence that the Sunni population had any support for terrorist groups (Davies 438). Opponents of the Iraq war point out that the Bush administration targeted Iraq civilians rather than the actual terrorists and resistance fighters (Biggar 34). It is in this sense therefore that the war against Iraq was not justified. The connection that was said to exist between Saddam and terrorists includes Abu Nidal and terrorist organizations (Blanka 280). The Bush administration asserted

Theories of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theories of Management - Essay Example All the way through, they must work out responsible leadership. Management’s work is to â€Å"fit† out of the many situations faced by organizations and prepare activity plans to resolve organizational troubles. But less understood is the reality that management must carry out more than supervision what already exists. They must also make new products and services and even re-create the organization from time to time. A significant fraction of management is creative work driven by innovative knowledge and information. Information technology can offer a powerful responsibility in redirecting and redesigning the organization. It is important to note that managerial roles and decisions diverge at diverse stages of the organization (Kenneth 1999, p.11). Through out the pervious few decades, in the whole world, the business area has sought to ascertain its environmental classification by putting together ecological and public impartiality matters addicted to its business str ategy plans and application. Food sector is mainly obvious right through farming and foodstuff structures, where foodstuff processors and vendors come into the view using communication of the lessons to be drained from the enlargement of the organic food division. The enlargement of organic food sector manufacturing has guided the business area to tackle the variety of conduct and to dissimilar scale green subjects in determining the course of this growth. For a number of business actors, the pressure of ‘green’ fears have been obvious in small and additional than terms of concern and declarations of intention, which are planned to cover present indefensible application. For others, in difference, it is imitate in the foodstuff manufacturing systems in conduct that hold up the manufacture of natural food, the expansion of ecological codes of application and other plans which stand for a innovative strategy trend (Lyons

Employee Wellbeing in a Prison Workplace

Employee Wellbeing in a Prison Workplace Aims and Objectives With specific reference to the research question, that of: ‘Does the impact of organisational change and a Transformed Workplace affect the Health Well-being of employee’s within a Prison Workplace Environment?’ Key to the development of the Aims Objectives is the evaluation of similar research (Bamford and Daniel, 2007; Hyde et al, 2005; Van Stolk et al, 2009) conducted within a similar Government Department that has also been subjected to workplace transformation (new ways of working; Hyde et al, 2005). In this instance the Government department was that of the NHS (National Health Service). Also the use of research that assesses the impact of the workplace upon an individual’s well-being, which includes 2 case studies that have researched wellbeing within the workplace (Danna Griffin, 1999; Harter et al, 2002) In making use of such literature, evaluate whether or not and to what degree it either supports or contradict the research question. AIM: To assess how and to what extent (positive or negative) the managed change and transformed workplace has affected employee’s health and wellbeing and to assist in the development of baseline data for further analysis and evaluation in regards to the efficacy of targeted wellbeing interventions. OBJECTIVES. Review literature in regards to ‘New ways of working’ and organisational change (Both the NHS NOMS) and its impact on health and well-being. To determine the survey model content. Develop, implement and analyse a staff health and wellbeing survey tool based on objective. Survey undertaken using survey monkey / paper, complete anonymity, distributed across all staff. 2 principal pay-band groups within the organisation, that of paybands 1-4 and 5-10 to ensure anonymity, and in the use of incident data, such as organisational sickness absence data. Identify if the impact of the transformed Workplace regimes has affected absence. All absence data will be provided by HR and will be anonymous and generalised by specific factors prior to inclusion in the study, i.e. type of absence or organisational demography (operational and non operational staff). Permission for use of the data has been given. Methodology Survey: Background The aim of this research and the Health and Wellbeing survey is to identify and understand the respondent’s perceptions as a consequence of the transition to and impact of the â€Å"Our New Way†, the new operating model adopted by the NOMS agency, as part of the strategic plan to create a modern cost efficient publically owned prison service. To better understand this transition, and also as part of literature review, a review was completed of similar research of another government organisation that had completed a similar transition, that of the NHS (Hyde et al, 2005; Van Stolk et al, 2009). Making the use of tools such case studies that have looked into the impact upon well-being within the workplace (Danna Griffin, 1999; Harter et al, 2002; Van Stolk et al, 2009); the methodology used in research (Thirlaway et al, 2012) at Cardiff Metropolitan University and also the Survey development model developed by RAND(Europe) (Van Stolk et al, 2009 p. 3) will assist in the development, piloting and analysis of a survey tool. Survey: Aim The aim of this survey is, as part of the evaluation of the consequences of organisational change was to provide a question set, based upon the new operating model ‘our new way’. Furthermore, based upon responses to questions posed, perform an analysis of the responses in regards to their physical and mental health and well-being, during and post transition to the new operating model. Using a structured model of questions, that of the ‘Likert 5-point Scale’ that ranges from strongly Agree to Strongly disagree, this will enable the research to gauge perception both positive and negative in regards to an individuals’ wellbeing following a period of sustained change and transformation. Survey: Structure The design and format of this survey was set out to gauge the views and perceptions of the Prison Service Staff, both generally and specifically in relation to the workplace, the transition to the new operating model. The Survey comprises and is composed of 3 specific elements; Element 1: Demographic Data Element 2: Questions Exploring the impact of the ‘new way’ of working, managing and delivering; on the employee’s physical and mental well-being and also engagement and communication Element 3: An open-ended question exploring additional perceptions and feelings from staff that have experienced the transition to ‘our new way’. Element 1: Demographic Data Element 1 provides demographic data, that of personal information (i.e. Age gender pay-band), providing evidence that the responders, are both anonymous and a ‘cross-section’ of employee’s within the organisation Element 2: Exploring the impact of the new operating model; ‘Our New Way’ Element 2 seeks to determine respondents response in regards to the new ways of: Working, Managing and Delivering (Independent Variables) and how following the transition to a new operating model, how the transition has impacted upon not only an employee’s, physical and mental well-being, but also the impact upon organisational engagement (Dependent Variables) (Figure 04; below). (Figure 04: Survey question breakdown based upon Dependent Variables) Element 3: Opened ended question to explore respondent feelings and perceptions of the transition to the new operating model Element 3 seeks to determine respondents response through an open ended question, to explore and evaluate how the transition to the new operating model, has affected each specific respondent and has impacted upon their Physical and Mental Health and Well-being. Survey: Development Making use of the method and model developed by RAND (Europe) (Van Stolk et al, 2009) the survey was designed, working in conjunction with both Cardiff Metropolitan University; NOMS: H.R. Directorate and also Stakeholders within the Prison Service at HMP Exeter, up to and including the Governing Governor; using 5 specific stages; from the inter-partnership creation of the prototype survey models, to the initial tests, through to the Survey deployment, completion and analysis (Figure 05 below). Survey Stage 1: The successful creation of the Health and Well-being Survey was as a result of working in close partnership with Cardiff Metropolitan University, the NOMS Human Resources’ Directorate and also with Senior Management Organisational Stakeholders from both NOMS and also HMP Exeter. The creation of question a set was based upon the framework of transformation, the delivery model and documents of the new operating model; â€Å"Our New Way†. This included specific and directed approaches in the creating of the questions posed. It was essential that the questions were concise and simple to understand, to make them complex to understand, could lead to erroneous responses due to limited or misunderstanding of the question. From this perspective the experience from both NOMS Human Resource Directorate and Cardiff Metropolitan University was essential. Survey Stage 2: Partnership Survey Review This stage, involved testing the questions, for at this stage it was essential to ensure that through an ongoing process that the survey questions were neither too complicated, nor too vague. Key to this approach was open, consistent advice and guidance upon how the questions could be interpreted and would be understood. Survey Stage 3: Limited Pilot Test The aim of this stage was to undertake a limited implementation pilot test of the survey, to ensure that not only that the responders would understand the questions posed, but also to test the hyperlink access the survey. The design, hyperlink accessibility and the analysis of the results, was undertaken by the NOMS H.R. directorate, via Survey-monkey. In terms of the launch vehicle it was identified that, the initial launch would be within a single establishment within the NOMS organisation that we would be able to make use of a global email as a platform from which the links to the survey could be used. Furthermore the option of the internal Intranet was also considered, if as an avenue of further research, the Survey was to be deployed within all of the establishments within the NOMS agency. Survey Stage 4: Launch and Deployment of the Health and Well-being Survey Following the successful controlled test of the completed survey model, that included the survey access via the launch vehicle, that of the global email platform. The email was sent to all staff within the single survey area, that is a single establishment, that of HMP Exeter. To facilitate manage, monitor and control the survey, a single partner, (the NOMS H.R. Directorate) managed the survey tool following its successful launch. This included keeping the partners informed as to the level of responders that had accessed the survey throughout the duration of the Survey period. Having a single point of management of the survey also enabled us to deal with effectively any unforeseen technical issues, if required. Survey: Duration The Survey was launched via a Global Email platform on 27th January 2014, and closed at Midnight on 16th February 2014. Survey: Eligibility Criteria The eligibility criteria for the completion of the Survey will be those that are directly employed by the HM Prison Service, specifically employed at HMP Exeter, and fall within 2 specific pay-band groups, that of pay band 1-4 and pay band 5-10. Which reflect those employed that have some management role and duties (pay band 5-10) and those that undertake roles and responsibilities that deal with offenders either directly or indirectly. The sample size is approx 260 staff members, with an anticipated response rate of approximately 25%, which will ensure that we have a broad sample across the organisation. Survey: Completion This Survey Model in the determining the impact of â€Å"New Ways of Working† (Dependent Variables) upon physical, mental well-being and organisational Engagement and would take approx 20 minutes to complete. Results At the closure of the Survey Completion window, 86 respondents had completed the Survey, a number that represented approximately 20% of the directly employed workforce within a Single site; HMP Exeter. Though only a small sample group; as a representative group, given the ‘demographic’ questions posed (Age, Gender, Length of Service, Pay-band) it is considered, to be sufficient to provide an accurate analysis. To illustrate how the number of respondents are considered to be ‘representative’, Figures 06–Fig 09 (below) provides not only details of the demographic data of the respondents, but also in regards to this data how they compare to the same demographics within the Establishment as a whole

Jan Eyre :: essays research papers

Throughout the novel, Jane struggles to find the right balance between moral duty and earthly pleasure, between obligation to her spirit and attention to her body. She encounters three main religious figures: Mr. Brocklehurst, Helen Burns, and St. John Rivers. Each represents a model of religion that Jane ultimately rejects as she forms her own ideas about faith and principle, and their practical consequences. Mr. Brocklehurst illustrates the dangers and hypocrisies that Charlotte Brontà « perceived in the nineteenth-century Evangelical movement. Mr. Brocklehurst adopts the rhetoric of Evangelicalism when he claims to be purging his students of pride, but his method of subjecting them to various privations and humiliations, like when he orders that the naturally curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates be cut so as to lie straight, is entirely un-Christian. Of course, Brocklehurst’s proscriptions are difficult to follow, and his hypocritical support of his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students shows Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s wariness of the Evangelical movement. Helen Burns’s meek and forbearing mode of Christianity, on the other hand, is too passive for Jane to adopt as her own, although she loves and admires Helen for it. Many chapters later, St. John Rivers provides another model of Christian behavior. His is a Christianity of ambition, glory, and extreme self-importance. St. John urges Jane to sacrifice her emotional deeds for the fulfillment of her moral duty, offering her a way of life that would require her to be disloyal to her own self. Although Jane ends up rejecting all three models of religion, she does not abandon morality, spiritualism, or a belief in a Christian God. When her wedding is interrupted, she prays to God for solace (Chapter 26). As she wanders the heath, poor and starving, she puts her survival in the hands of God (Chapter 28). She strongly objects to Rochester’s lustful immorality, and she refuses to consider living with him while church and state still deem him married to another woman. Even so, Jane can barely bring herself to leave the only love she has ever known.

Impact of Digital Marketing on Sales Essay

Embracing emerging trends and technologies helps marketers create a sustainable competitive advantage for their business. Emerging marketing trends and technology, such as big data, social media mobile, context-aware computing and the Internet of Things, create unprecedented opportunities to engage customers, fuel growth and take market share. As a digital marketer, you can be overwhelmed by how quickly new technologies become mainstream. A Facebook yesterday is a Pinterest today and a socially enabled, real-time, mobile personal assistant tomorrow. The objective of this paper is to look at the impact digital marketing has on sales especially in emerging markets. The major aspects of digital marketing that would be covered are as mentioned below: Digital Marketing Essentials Multichannel Marketing Data-Driven Marketing Mobile Marketing Monetized Digital Marketing through Commerce Social Marketing Evaluating the impact of digital strategy: Evaluation of the ‘true impact’ of the digital marketing strategy & spend, is a multi-phase journey. It could be broken down into five distinct phases: Datawarehousing & Reporting Dashboarding Statistical Analysis Predictive Analysis Optimization The research paper analyzes the current situation with respect to developing countries in the digital environment. It would also study the â€Å"digital divide† and the differential pattern of developing and least developed countries in take-up of the new technologies, the changing nature and demographics of Internet use as well as the role of innovation and creativity in making digital marketing a success. The Evolution of Digital Marketing in Developing markets The Digital Divide Access & Participation in the Digital Economy Opportunities & Challenges The paper studies and analyzes the influence on the 4Ps of Marketing by the onset of the Digital Revolution and the dominance of accessible information through the Internet. It has changed the way consumers spend their money and the way they shop for products and seek services. Like the Industrial Revolution, today’s Digital Revolution has changed the ways in which people live their daily lives and the manners in which companies practice business. In marketing, strategy has greatly shifted away from material and into more liquid avenues and flexible ways of reaching consumers. Because people have altered their spending habits, so too have marketers changed the ways of reaching their customers and creating products focused on the new needs of the consumer today. Advertisement and sales have shifted away from tangible methods of reaching people such as print ads and newspaper and into digitized networks that offer to target a larger audience at a fraction of the cost. The impact of the Digital Revolution on marketing cannot be ignored as indeed, it has completely changed the industry in a way never previously conceived. INTRODUCTION: â€Å"The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow† -Bill Gates Emerging markets are countries experiencing relatively recent industrial, political and technological change resulting in rapid economic growth. Emerging markets cover more than the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), however; these countries are amongst the buoyant emerging giants. Large populations generally characterise these markets, as is obvious with China and India. They tend to be dominated by young populations and rising middle classes. As business revenues plateau in saturated, developed markets, expansion into emerging markets is a popular means for reaching new growth targets. Although these countries are affected by the global recession, many remain in robust growth positions. The endeavour of international business involves uncertainty and risk, however; this can be mitigated by the internet. How the Global Digital Era and Emerging Market Growth is Transforming the Marketing Agenda? Senior executives in developing economies, working in organizations, small and large, are asking the following questions: How can we get ahead of competitors in emerging markets? How can our business mitigate risks when we enter risky, high-growth emerging markets? How can we measure marketing activities and sales-related results in these markets? The increasing mobility of the consumer is a good development for any business. Marketing to a constantly on-the-go consumer is like trying to hit a moving target. Direct digital marketing is an addressable marketing method where relevant marketing communications are delivered to individuals through the e-mail, Web, and mobile channels using an e-mail address, a Web browser cookie, and a mobile phone number. The principles of direct digital marketing—addressability, message relevance, and personalization—are ideal for restaurant marketers and their customers. Leveraging the full value of direct digital marketing requires going beyond the tried and true e-mail marketing strategies that have been used for the last 10 years and building a strong relationship with a consumer at each touch-point they value.

Impact of Television Violence on Children Essay

Watching violence on television can have many affects on all age groups. I decided to write about the affects of television violence upon child development. Violence on television is one of the most common media influences in children these days. There are many reasons how television violence affects children, such as how much television they watch, their age and personality, and also whether they watch television alone or with adults. It also matters if their parents talk with them about the violence they see on TV. In order for parents to protect their children from the harmful effects of violence on television, it is essential to know what the impact of television violence can be on children. Violence can play an important role in the development of children; it may cause some to perceive it and not get affected and some may be affected by it in a very dangerous way like the columbine incident. There has been studies done over the past and hundreds of studies have examined how violent programming on TV affects children and young people. A study from a psychological research showed three major effects of watching television â€Å"Psychological research has shown three major effects of seeing violence on television: Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, Children may be more fearful of the world around them, Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others† (http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html). Children can be vulnerable to violent images and messages. Children in particular can become victims of violence on T.V. than adults; which can cause them to be afraid of the world and people they are surrounded. The most common T.V. shows that affects children of all ages, which is close to real life violence is cartoons. In most of the cartoon shows violence is exposed as humorous and realistic conclusions of violence; which could cause children to show aggressive behavior towards their peers and others. Usually these types of shows do not show the consequences of violence, which doesn’t teach children that acting or enacting violence they can face jail time and other penalties for juvenile offenders in the court of law. According to a study on preschoolers at Pennsylvania State University, â€Å"Children who watched the violent shows were more likely to strike out at playmates, argue, disobey authority and were less willing to wait for things than those children who  watched nonviolent programs† (http://helping.apa.org/family/kidtvviol.html). Parents should pay close attention to what their children see on television like shows, news, movies and commercials. Studies have shown that kids are more afraid of violence in news coverage than in any other media content. As children get older and are better able to tell the difference between fantasy and reality then they would have a better understanding of real news events and the purpose of such graphic footage. Effects o n a healthy child development, television can affect learning and school performance. If watching television cuts into the time children need for activities, which is crucial to healthy mental and physical development as well. Children’s free time should be surrounded by time spent in activities such as playing sports, reading books, explore nature such as learning about plants and flowers instead of watching T.V.; which can lead to obesity which is a serious concern today. According to researchers, they concluded that viewers feel an instant sense of relaxation when viewers begin to watch TV and also said that feeling disappears as soon as the television set is turned off; which I personally feel is true. The feeling is not similar to the thrilled feeling a person gets from playing sports. For example, after watching TV, viewers may mentally feel tired and feel a sense of low energy. Parents should investigate on different studies that are conducted to understand different messages that violence on television sends to its audiences. Violence is portrayed in many ways it can be acted out by characters such as a hero or by a villain. Different types of violent scenes can be shown clearly in depth or it maybe left to the viewers imagination; for example, imagination allows a viewer to come up with his/her own conclusion to how a certain murder may have occurred, which represents a type of television violence shown by a network. In conclusion, Parents have to speak to their children about the different shows that are viewed by their children to avoid misinterpretation of violence and aggressive behavior that could lead them to become criminals. Parents should take an initiative on the issue, â€Å"While most scientists are convinced that children can learn aggressive behavior from television, they also point out that parents have tremendous power to moderate that influence† (http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html). Parents should  discuss violence in the news such as war and acts of terrorism need to be put into a more detailed and descriptive context for children. They should also explain different acts of violence and criminal activities to de-sensationalize, so the children don’t become fearful of the world. By talking to kids about violence in the media they can critically understand television, movies, music, and video games that can help them put media violence into perspective by not taking the full impact of violence mentally. They can start to judge the media violence and start to examine its use in the media that they tend to watch. The children also need to be addressed on how the actors of a show feel in real life about the part they played in a particular show. By expressing these issues out in the open the children can get a better perspective on why violence on television is potrayed and why people are attracted to it. They would understand that producers and directors create violence on television because it gives a certain network ratings; they would also understand that larger amount of audiences want their programming to be more entertaining with action and the network also creates such and atmosphere of violence through advertising to a younger audiences. Self Identity of children should not form from watching television because that can cause them to be like someone from TV rather than themselves; opinions of others form our social identity, in this case children perceive the television as social identity and become a TV character in real life as if the TV is set’s the standard of who you are. Becoming a character from watching television is subjectivity. Consciousness and the unconsciousness as well as emotions are part of our sense of who we are in this case children can come up with their own conclusion on who they are for example, a violent character such as a hero, a criminal, or a Psychopath that they might become from watching violence on television. Children need to understand, what violence is. After better understanding of violence they can then start to put media violence into perspective. http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html http://www.apa.org/monitor/may03/childhood.html http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ntvs.htm http://helping.apa.org/family/kidtvviol.html http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/4100.htm

Categorical Imperative Command essays

Categorical Imperative Command essays Categorical Imperative commands state an act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to a universal law. In other words an act that should be followed only if people will follow it. If you jumped off a bridge, think if everyone would do the same and it would become socially accepted. It states an interesting point if you think many of todays and the past legislature was in fact developed this way. Toss the people an idea and see if they follow it through time changing it to better accommodate the people and the views at the time. The bible was established based on the Ten Commandments a bunch of thoughts on how life should be lived by a form of rule structure in plain view. The people took on these rules and passed them on to eventually adapt to what's right. So when deciding most decisions one would think if the world would follow and if it would form into a solid ethic. The problem is every social structure from New Jersey to California from South America to Africa runs on a very different structure. Therefore, who is to say witch groups methods are the right ones to do. In Japan, it is customary to take off one's shoes when eating and in India the cow is sacred. Rules are developed differently as wide of a range as through a country or perhaps a county or even as small as a So how do you differentiate everyone's actions to dissect and arrive to the final answer of what is right. In addition, this rule does not seem to focus on what is right at all but what is socially accepted. In world war two, it was accepted to ridicule Jews everyone around you did it but did it make it right. It follows the rule to do what you think everyone around would do. So there are flaws within the rule that if one would follow it could lead to disaster depending on who exactly you are modeling after. One thing human's do from birth is follow or model after others. Wheth...