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The Impact of Increased Literacy on Ballads and Chapbooks in Seventeent
The Impact of Increased Literacy on Ballads and Chapbooks in Seventeenth-Century England In seventeenth-century England, the ascent of we...
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Internet Connecting Point A to Point B Essay
How should an Internet connection be made for the current campus? Why did you select this option over the others? AT&T is the carrier providing service to the existing campus as well as the new campus. Examine the offerings for Internet access to select the one that should be used. (10 points) ST which is made by at&t is the most popular connector for multimode networks, like most buildings and campuses. It has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical ferrule to hold the fiber. Most ferrules are ceramic, but some are metal or plastic. And because they are spring-loaded, you have to make sure they are seated properly. If you have high loss, reconnect them to see if it makes a difference. 2. How should the existing and new campus locations be connected to each other? (10 points) The Existing campus locations should be connected to each other via fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cables are less expensive, there is less signal degrading, Non-flammable, and last but not least extremely lightweight compares to the competitors. 3. Should the two locations share an Internet connection? (10 points) Yes. Paying for two separate internet connection methods would be pointless for this scenario. Sharing one connection is more cost effective. 4. Compare the advantages, disadvantages, and cost of fiber optic cable, 5 GHz wireless bridges, and free space optics as a means to interconnect the campus buildings to the IT wing of the Administration Building. (10 points) Fiber optic cable is more expensive of hardware and installation overall, but it is the fastest connection currently. Wireless bridges provide wireless connection, however if the proper precautions are not put into place there may be additional interference and signal loss. Free spaceà optics is perfect for smaller networks and cheap 5. What would be required to interconnect the existing campus and the new campus to each other using fiber optic cable laid within the hiking trail right of way? (10 points) Outdoor cables and enclosures such as Central tubes are definitely necessary.The central tube design consists of one Thermoplastic PBT buffer tube encasing individually colores fibers. These fibers are surrounded by gel for moisture resistance. The central buffer tube is also surrounded by water swellable fiberglass yarn for overall water resistance and added strength. 6. Examine the data shown on the DSL Line Utilization Report found in Doc Sharing. This is a typical bandwidth utilization report for ADSL line used to connect each building on the campus to the Internet. Keeping in mind that there are eight of these DSL lines connecting the campus buildings to the Internet will a higher speed connection be needed when these are consolidated into one connection? (10 points) Yes. A higher speed connection will be needed when everything is consolidated. The Utilization report shows bandwidth but doesnââ¬â¢t take into account the 8 lines. 7. If the two locations share an Internet connection will a single connection suffice for both sites? (10 points) It would be feasible but not comfortable or ideal. Ideally you would want one connection per site.
Friday, January 10, 2020
Eras of Policing
There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era, reform era, and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five pointsââ¬âauthority was coming only from politicians and the law, it was a very broad social service function, the organizational design was decentralized, law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community, and there was an increased usage of foot patrol.Authority from politicians posed a problem during this time. Since most of the power was given to politicians the selection of good law enforcement was not a priority. During this era law enforcement wore no type of uniform which made it difficult for citizens to recognize an officer when one was needed. The reform era (1930s-1980s) was the second era in law enforcement. The characteristics of this era recognized the authority coming from the law and professionalism.Crime control became the primary function which made for a more centralized, efficient organization. It also provided the community with a more professional agency that used preventive patrol measures and a more rapid response to crime. During this time a managed hierarchical pyramid of control was established for police officers. When specific problems rose law enforcement created special units to take care of these issues instead of using patrol officers. The third era of law enforcement is the community era (1980s-present).This era is characterized by the authority coming from the support of the community, law, and professionalism. A broad range of services provided a better hold on crime control in the community. Having a decentralized organization gave more authority to patrol officers and let them become more intimate with their community relationships. This era also increased the use of foot patrols and an increased knowledge of problem-solvin g. Law enforcement became more concerned over citizen satisfaction.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
The Global Language Monitor ) - 942 Words
On average, around one thousand words are added to the dictionary every year (OxfordWords Blog). Another astonishing fact is that there are over one million words in the English language (The Global Language Monitor). This is difficult for me to fathom, considering my own vocabulary is a small fraction of this (to prove my point, I struggled to spell the word vocabulary, thank God for spell check). Anyways, to get to the point Iââ¬â¢m trying to make, with all these words that are already in existence, how am I going to come up with my own unique word? Well, I am glad to report that I have an answer (due to the fact that this assignment is a big part of my grade and I would receive an F if I didnââ¬â¢t turn in something). Iââ¬â¢ve decided that the best way to impart my knowledge unto you, my readers, is by providing a top notch definition for such a top notch word. And behind every creation is a muse, and I feel that my inspiration is key to understanding why my word deserves an entire paper about it. With that, letââ¬â¢s dive in with learning more about the wordâ⬠¦ Psarian [puh-sair-ee-uhn] Noun 1) a person who gives warnings about many things or everything In a sentence ââ¬Å"Sorry Iââ¬â¢m late guys, my dad turned into a complete psarian when I told him we were going to the lake. The simple answer as to what caused my inspiration of this word came from a public service announcement I saw while watching television. Upon seeing the ad, I thought of those that made the ad and how much they must careShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Water Cycle And Our Everyday Lives Pld Level Targeted Essay984 Words à |à 4 Pageswater cycle and the environment on humans. -Students will understand that -Students will identify each part of the water cycle. ELPS:2.D monitor understanding of spoken language during classroom instruction and interactions and seek clarification as needed; Language Objective(s): -Students will be able to monitor their understanding of spoken language. -Students will be able to seek clarification as needed. Key Vocabulary: Precipitation, condensation, evaporation, water cycle, atmosphere,Read MoreMicrosofts Corporate Social Responsibility And The Initiatives1030 Words à |à 5 Pagesresponsibility, companies like Disney, Toms shoes, and many more come to mind. Everyone thinks of Microsoft when it comes to top of the line softwares, but very few are familiar with how Microsoft has been creating social value. According to the 2015 Global CSR RepTrak 100 report Microsoft has been ranked number 4 in the world for its CSR reputation. Corporate social responsibility does not merely mean protecting the environment but also its constituents. We live in a world where there is more at stakeRead MoreCEDAW Essay1131 Words à |à 5 Pages Since the preliminary days of CEDAW, the international community has made significant progress towards the global normalization of human rights and the internalization of human rights laws into domestic policies and norms. Alongside the development of Human Rights, CEDAW has grown from a weak and largely unenforceable document into a widely-accepted international framework for the protection and advancement of women and womenââ¬â¢s rights. Rather than acting as a strict enforcer of hard-law, CEDAWRead MoreThe English Language1398 Words à |à 6 Pagesdevices. The downsides to the new technologies are, the capital that is required to purchase and maintain the product, which inadvertently keeps many societies unconnected, the preeminence of the english language in the new communication systems requires most of the world to learn a foreign language, and it has caused electronic blockades by countries such as China, Iraq, Vietnam, and North Korea that wish to control the outside cultural influence on its citizens. From the year 1914 to 2015, our socialRead MoreQuestions On Intelligent Industrial Systems1567 Words à |à 7 Pagesof the Drone, along with details regarding the performance, design and interface. The drone helps in lessening human activity in media production, surveillance and other duties. Scope The major purpose of this drone is to work as an environment monitor, with added features that includes photo capturing. It will offer easy, reliable service for monitoring the environment by recording the temperature/weather readings while taking pictures of the current condition. Our main objective is to provideRead MoreHong Kong Is A Modern Fast Paced International City Saturated With Skilled Workforce1325 Words à |à 6 Pageslength and depth of the reformation on educational system, there were many changes made to the educational system. Despite numerous reformations, the policy makers aimed for quality and efficiency in the educational system to prepare students for the global, competitive economy. For that reason, Hong Kongââ¬â¢s educational system needed a clear and thorough management system, which was seen in managerialism of marketization (Chan Mok, 2001). Hence, I was curious about the influences of globalization onRead MoreEssay about Convergence in Technology968 Words à |à 4 PagesTechnology The concept of a ââ¬Å"global villageâ⬠or a united community around the world has only in these last few years become a concept widely thought of. However, it seems that the idea of a large-scale sharing of information has long been developing, whether intended or not. The tools of communication have long served a single purpose, that of transmitting information from people to people. Direct communication was long ago realised with sign language and speech, but when people spreadRead MoreWeek 2 Assignment Xuelian Li Essay898 Words à |à 4 PagesProfessor Bender March 13, 2015 United Kingdom Adopted IFRS IFRS is a set of accounting standards promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an international standard-setting body based in London. It was designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are comparable and understandable across international boundaries (Ghosh, 2010). In June 2002, the European Union (EU) adopted an IAS Regulation requiring European companies listed in an EU/EuropeanRead MoreGlobalization Is Not New?1005 Words à |à 5 Pagesa governmentââ¬â¢s military research project to communicate and share data. Today, internet has built a global information infrastructure, where people around the world can access and share information. Many world leaders believes that this interconnectedness would also bring friendship and cooperation. Albert Gore, the 45th Vice President of the United States, said in a speech, ââ¬Å"Let us build a global community in which the people of neighbouring countries view each other n ot as potential enemies, butRead MoreThe Importance Of Short Term Intensive Language Courses On Reading And Writing Skills937 Words à |à 4 Pageswith four skills of English language, especially vocabulary, grammar, speaking, and writing skills. Learners take six weeks intensive English Language course to improve their English proficiency. This language schoolââ¬â¢s fundamental goal is to help learners prepare in a global community. The reason I choose Mr. Dââ¬â¢s intensive course for my observation report is that I would like to verify the effectiveness of short-term intensive language courses and delve into the language teaching approach and methods
Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Purchasing Argumentative Essay Writing Work Samples Oregon
Purchasing Argumentative Essay Writing Work Samples Oregon The Argumentative Essay Writing Work Samples Oregon Stories Some individuals have the capacity of fantastic writing but find it problematic to work on confusing topics so it's far better to request assistance from a specialist. If you are feeling unsure at any stage, you should decide on inexpensive essay writing services readily available online instead of risking for any error. There are a few topics which are absolutely unseen and students find difficulty in locating the suitable direction and method of information collection. 1 thing you can make sure of, however, is that you are going to be writing a lot of research papers and essays. You may discover that you have more ideas on how best to begin and articulate your introduction. A thriving introduction can provide a review of the information which the readers will be receiving in the essay. You cannot merely begin trying to find sources and inspiration when you have begun writing. Nevertheless, a great deal of the students who succeeded wrote their papers employing a normal format. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Argumentative Essay Writing Work Samples Oregon In our modern world with all these means of action, by so many various sources, by so a lot more people, the possibility of a cause and effect essay is tremendous. Therefore, there are numerous advantages of being a true twin. Our lives are safeguarded from abuse, negligence, assault, and other kinds of harm. There are always multiple methods for handling a problem. Your writing has to be brief and concise. Essay samples allow you to acknowledge the manner in which an excellent writer blen ds theoretical and practical facets. You may buy argumentative essay from a specialist writer. Argumentative essays are absolutely typical in academic writing and are frequently a significant part writing in all disciplines. The program can generate an entire essay in under a second, dependent on a few keywords. The format isn't even essential, but it's good when you're starting out. For what it's worth, you must always stick to the conventional 500-word essay format. If you would like to obtain a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you will need! The position is not too Myrtle should include inside her essay. Luckily, you've come to the ideal place to discover the best remedy to every single academic writing problem that you're currently facing with your essay. Standing out from the remainder of your class and receiving the grade you would like for your student essay writing assignment is not simple. Based on which side you're choosing, you will need to construct the most effective possible argument to get and bind the readers' interest. The most significant thing is that you justify whatever you say in your essay. There's always time to return and fix sentences so as to bring a mature, astute voice to your essay. Essentially anything that should be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, and ought to be included in the introduction. In the event the topic of your essay is quite controversial, take your time to get familiar with different positions on the discussed matter. For the reader to completely understand your viewpoint, it is vital to compose your argumentative essay with a strong thesis and a suitable flow in order for the man reading your essay understands your thought procedure. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. For example, there isn't any correct method of drafting a college application essay. Also, you are going to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular issue. Before you commence writing your assignment you want to organize your gathers pieces of evidence so as to create the most persuasive possible argument. Frequently the discussions become heated up as debates and wind up as arguments. The presentation should ought to be properly closed by means of a thesis statement that will clearly state th e position you're going to argue. Make certain that you own a thesis statement and topic sentences for each paragraph. Within each paragraph, you will need to supply sufficient and significant information. To begin with, it's required to write out a crystal clear thesis sentence or sentences. Later, once you get the simple essay format down pat, your topic sentence won't necessarily will need to be the very first sentence. Stereotypes also are developing a false idea of the way that they interact with different individuals. Students should select a compelling topic to impress the audience together with their teachers.
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Essay about Greatness of Lyndon B. Johnson - 1162 Words
Greatness of LBJ Many Presidents over the years have shown greatness through their leadership. Each has shown this in their individual way. It takes the ability to deal with whatever may come up, as far as politics are concerned, and handle it with care. Also it takes making a difference in society instead of just settling for the United States being ok as it is. The extra step that some take, separates the normal from the great. Lyndon B. Johnson was one of the Presidents who stood out by taking the extra step. LBJ showed presidential greatness through passing groundbreaking legislation and improving society. To get a feel for how Lyndon Johnson came to achieve greatness, let us look at how his journey began. In 1908, Lyndon was bornâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Johnsonââ¬â¢s first step after becoming president was to help the citizens of the U.S. and the world cope with the death of JFK. ââ¬Å"American people actually were 190,000,000 dazed individuals; he had to give them that unity and confidence; he had to represent it to the worldâ⬠(Wicker, 161). This was a great task for any man to take on and he did so with care. He showed compassion and provided comfort for the people, promising to continue the dreams Kennedy had and to make them become a way of life. These dreams caused most people to look up to Kennedy, and it turned him into a legend in the history books even though he did not accomplish all he had tried. To achieve what Kennedy had set out to do would take a great man, and a great man Johnson showed himself to be. He also ââ¬Å"carefully honored the Kennedy legacyà ¢â¬ ¦and remained deeply respectful of JFKââ¬â¢s cabinet and top officialsâ⬠(Schulman, 69). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next steps in his greatness came out of his involvement in legislation. His biggest piece of legislation was the Great Society. His Great Society plan was similar to another ââ¬Å"greatâ⬠president FDR. LBJ had followed in FDRââ¬â¢s footsteps for years. He admired and carefully learned from him, but he wanted to do better than FDR and become historyââ¬â¢s greatest president ever, and to truly make a difference in society. Through his efforts, he ââ¬Å"revolutionized the relationship between theShow MoreRelatedLyndon Johnson s The Great Society924 Words à |à 4 PagesOn 1964 Lyndon Baines Johnson delivered the speech, ââ¬Å"The Great Societyâ⬠. He traveled to Ann Arbor on May 22 to give his speech at the University of Michigan. Previously, Lyndon Johnson first mentioned ââ¬Å"the great societyâ⬠at the Ohio University. He stated, ââ¬Å" And with your courage and with your compassion and your desire, we will build a Great Societ y. It is a Society where no child will go unfed, and no youngster will go unschooled,â⬠(Remarks in Athens at Ohio University line 51-52). However, it Read MoreLydon B. Johnson: Of Greatness and Obscurity2231 Words à |à 9 PagesLYNDON B. JOHNSON ââ¬â OF GREATNESS AND OBSCURITY 2 Lyndon B. Johnson ââ¬â Of Greatness and Obscurity I. Introduction II. Early Life III. Early-Political Career A. Campaigner B. ââ¬Å"Little Congressâ⬠C. Marriage and Start of a Political Career III. Political Career A. House of Representatives B. Senate III. White House Years A. Vice President B. President Lyndon B. Johnson IV. Later Life Introduction Lyndon B. Johnsonââ¬â¢s is a name that is rarely spoken today. He isRead MoreThe Kennedy And Lyndon B Johnson775 Words à |à 4 Pagesohn F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson were thrown into the caldron of executive US politics on January 20th 1961 having been elected on a single presidential/vice presidential ticket. As progressive-liberals, their incumbency oversaw a period of substantial domestic and international change that has continued to shape America to this day. Historical assessments of each President are wide-ranging. Historians such as Robert Dallek, author of ââ¬ËJ.F.K. - An Unfinished Lifeââ¬â¢, conclude that Kennedyââ¬â¢s premiershipRead MoreJfk s Assassination With The Soviet Union1702 Words à |à 7 PagesNovember 22, 1963. John Fitzgerald Kennedy had not even served a full term of presidency yet, and was in the middle of campaigning for a second term, before his assassination took place. Near the beginning of JFKââ¬â¢s presidency, back in 1961, he saw greatness in the new generation to come in order to improve America. Kennedy wanted to create peace, discover new sciences, and end the ongoing feud with the Soviet Union. Once the famous president stated, ââ¬Å" ...And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what yourRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1800 Words à |à 8 Pageson November 22, 1963. John Fitzgerald Kennedy had not even served a full term of presidency when the assassination took place, and was in the middle of campaigning for a second term. Near the beginning of JFKââ¬â¢s presidency, back in 1961, he saw greatness in the new generation, as they were the key to improving America. Kennedy wanted to create peace, discover new sciences, and end the ongoing feud with the Soviet Union. Once the president famously stated, ââ¬Å" ...And so, my fellow Americans: ask notRead More Vietnam War vs. Great Society Essay2136 Words à |à 9 PagesVietnam War vs. Great Society Anonymous: [Johnson] had miscalculated: Even the richest and most powerful nation in the world could not do it all (qtd. in Turbulent Years: The 60s 36). Lyndon Baines Johnson is a president torn to pieces by war. He glows in the passage of bills benefiting American society. He is someone who has suffered through an entire generation of rebellious teens. What impact did LBJs foreign policies concerning Vietnam War have on American society? The Vietnam War reallyRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1168 Words à |à 5 Pageson November 22, 1963. John Fitzgerald Kennedy had not even served a full term of presidency when the assassination took place, and was in the middle of campaigning for a second term. Near the beginning of JFKââ¬â¢s presidency, back in 1961, he saw greatness in the new generation, as they were the key to improving America. Kennedy wanted to create peace, discover new sciences, and end the ongoing feud with the Soviet Union. Once the president famously stated, ââ¬Å" ...And so, my fellow Americans: ask notRead MoreRichard M. Nixon And Lyndon B. Johnson1775 Words à |à 8 PagesRichard M. Nixon and Lyndon B. Johnson were presidents during one of the most troubled periods in our American history. Both held on with significant social unrest and the question of whether to continue participation in the Vietnam War. Even though both Nixon and Johnson faced similar problems while in office, their s tyle and approach to problems was profoundly different. Even so, Johnson and Nixon shared a disposition to bluff the public and their fellow colleagues in order to pursue what theyRead MoreEssay about Biography of Thurgood Marshall1000 Words à |à 4 PagesThurgood was appointed as the U.S second Circuit in 1961 for four years none of Marshallââ¬â¢s decision were overturned by the Supreme Court. Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood as the first black U.S solicitor general. Marshall won 14 of the 19 cases he argued before the Supreme Court for two years as solicitor. Marshall was nominated in 1967 by President Johnson to survive on the branch, the United States Supreme Court. Marshall was finally sworn in as a Supreme Court Justice on October 2, 1967, whichRead MoreUnited States Presidential Leadership Styles: Mid-Twentieth Century607 Words à |à 2 Pagessuccessor, Lyndon B. Johnson, were blamed for the war in Vietnam and the Cuban missile crisis. Given that, according to Greenberg (2013) the adoration of Kennedy lives on to this day, however, puzzled historians note that he neither led the nation through war nor racked up a credible legislative record. Youth, good-looks grace and cool may explain the love affair our country had with him. His premature death by assassination, furthermore, allowed for sympathy painted by the speculation of greatness. When
Monday, December 9, 2019
Essay About A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens Example For Students
Essay About A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol combines a number of different elements to create the classic Christmas tale. A Christmas Carol combines many different ideas, which is one of the reasons that A Christmas Carol is a classic. This book introduced the concept of Christmas, as we now know it. The festivities, the food, the merriment, the joy and spirit of Christmas is brought out and made alive. This appeals to both old and young alike. As the basis of A Christmas Carol is to be a ghost story, this attracts people to the book as many love to be scared. Though the story is light hearted, there are subtle observations made by Charles Dickens of Victorian life and politics, in the form of satire. The Joy of Christmas Tradition. Before Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol, Christmas was not celebrated in the way that it is now; it was more or less thought of as just a religious affair. Dickens in a way reinvented the whole Christmas idea by describing ways in which we can celebrate, for example the Fezziwig parties. there were more dances, and there were forfeits, and more dances, and then there was cake Christmas comes alive with A Christmas Carol, it is described with frivolous antics, joyful doings and happy, good spirited people. The atmosphere seems to jump out at you as a hearty one. there was nothing very cheerful in the climate or town, and yet was there an air of cheerfulness abroad Food is described so well that we can picture every detail in our minds. Heaped up on the floor, to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat Food and decorations are sometimes described in whole paragraphs. Dickens makes sure that his ideas are clear-cut; you know when hes describing happy ideas. Dickens felt that family plays an important role, especially at Christmas. This is shown by the Cratchit family and Fred, Scrooges nephew.
Sunday, December 1, 2019
The importance of patriotism (aiguozhuyi) for Chinese intellectuals A study w.r.t. Confucian values, historical events and the idea of national humiliation Essay Example
The importance of patriotism (aiguozhuyi) for Chinese intellectuals: A study w.r.t. Confucian values, historical events and the idea of national humiliation Essay It is a widely acknowledged fact that Chinese society and its prevailing culture are closely linked to its unique conception of terms such as ââ¬Ënationââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëpatriotismââ¬â¢. Contributing to this uniqueness is the fact that Imperial China of the last five centuries had evaded attempts by European Imperial powers to fully colonize it. Barring the trade arrangements with leading superpowers of the imperial age and special cases such as Hong Kong, China had charted an independent course for itself, and to this extent its understanding of nationalism and patriotism are quite unique. The Japanese invasion and occupation of large tracts of North Eastern China during the Second World War had threatened this independence and compelled Chinese intellectuals to construct a new image and identity for the country and its people. It then becomes interesting to see what ideas and which intellectuals influenced the development of the brand of patriotism that is now recognized wi th the Chinese. The rest of this essay is an endeavor towards this end. Renowned sociologist and philosopher Jurgen Habermasââ¬â¢ coining of the term ââ¬Ëconstitutional patriotismââ¬â¢ (xianzheng aiguozhuyi) in reference to China, has had a big influence on Chinese intellectuals in the last few years. Under constitutional patriotism, ââ¬Å"a kind of ethical bond would enable the citizens of complex societies to recognize themselves as members of their polity, a post-traditional community bound and motivated by the pursuit of equal justice under the law rather than by ethnic and cultural associationâ⬠(Habermas, as quoted in Davies, 2007). While many Chinese intellectuals appreciated Habermasââ¬â¢ analysis and explanation of this brand of patriotism, he was not without his detractors. Among those who were critical of Habermasââ¬â¢ views were Xu Youyu, who reckoned that ââ¬Å"this implicit nationalism is a flawed account of cultural pluralism: one that runs the risk of affirming all forms of difference-including fascist culture and id eas of slavery-at the expense of a properly universal conception of human rightsâ⬠(Davies, 2007). Cao Weidong, on the other hand was more sympathetic toward Habermasââ¬â¢ conception. Hence opinion is divided among the Chinese intelligentsia on the validity and importance of Habermasââ¬â¢ analyses. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of patriotism (aiguozhuyi) for Chinese intellectuals: A study w.r.t. Confucian values, historical events and the idea of national humiliation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of patriotism (aiguozhuyi) for Chinese intellectuals: A study w.r.t. Confucian values, historical events and the idea of national humiliation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of patriotism (aiguozhuyi) for Chinese intellectuals: A study w.r.t. Confucian values, historical events and the idea of national humiliation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A distinction has to be made between the two terms ââ¬Ëpatriotismââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ënationalismââ¬â¢, as they are closely allied. The former is used more loosely in public discourse and it encapsulates feeling of solidarity and the emotion of belonging to a community at the individual level. In this way, patriotism is more of a personal expression of allegiance to a country and its people. Nationalism, on the other hand is a more arcane concept, which finds application in scholarly policy analysis. Here, the word is used to refer to the collective aspirations of members of an ethnic group (or its representatives) to achieve/maintain a status of legitimacy for their nation. But in the case of Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China an overwhelming majority of the population belongs to the Han ethnic group and its leadership derives almost exclusively from this group (Fairbrother, 2003). In this context, patriotism and nationalism in China become interchangeable and come to represent the same set of aspirations and feelings. In the West, there are often misconceptions about what Chinese nationalism actually entails. But under the leadership of Hu Jintao and the neo-liberal economic policies he oversaw, a clearer picture of Chinese nationalism had emerged: ââ¬Å"Watching from their offices in Beijing, the officials of Huââ¬â¢s government exemplified the tradition of state nationalism, which has roots deep in the imperial past but today closely identifies the Chinese nation with the Communist state. The Chinese government officially expresses nationalist sentiment as aigu, which in Chinese means ââ¬Å"loving the state,â⬠or aiguozhuyi, which means ââ¬Å"love and support for China,â⬠a China that is always indistinguishable from the Communist state. State nationalism demands that citizens subordinate their individual interests to those of the state. And in its relations with foreign powers, Chinaââ¬â¢s current rulers believe that the state must prudently balance nationalist imperatives against other objectives, particularly the overriding goal of economic modernizationâ⬠. (Terrill, et. Al, 2005) With this brand of ââ¬Ëstate nationalismââ¬â¢ being the accepted norm, Chinese intellectuals of recent times have fostered the formation of national identity. And the idea of ââ¬Ënational humiliationââ¬â¢ is an integral part of this process. In other words, influential Chinese thinkers ââ¬Å"have delimited national culture, redefined group membership, recreated social hierarchy and rewritten historyâ⬠(Gries, 2004). In this interpretive framework, the history of China is seen as a series of humiliating events that should be compensated for in the present. As early as 1840, Chinese scholar Fend Guifen referred to the intrusion of European powers in the affairs of the nation: ââ¬Å"We are shamefully humiliated by the four [Western] nations, not because our climate, soil, or products are inferior, but actually because our people are inferior â⬠¦ Our inferiority is not due to nature, it is inferiority due to ourselves. If it were inborn, it would be a shame, but a shame we could not do anything about. Since the inferiority is due to ourselves, it is still a greater shame, but a shame we can do something about.â⬠(Gries, 2004) Although Guifenââ¬â¢s assessment might come across as being self-deprecating, it is not unusual for the time. Another important official of Imperial China, Kang Youwei, poignantly noted in his June 1898 memorandum to the throne that the subordinate role of women in Chinese society is a constant source of humiliation for him. Liang Qichao, a progressive scholar of the same era had written in his Travel Notes on the New Continent, that he ââ¬Å"could only sigh and weep when I compare our nation with theirs [America]â⬠(Terrill, et. al, 2005). Some intellectuals even lamented that their peopleââ¬â¢s fate is worser than that of blacks in America, who were liberated at the end of the Civil War. Hence, ââ¬Å"The theme of humiliation, still pervasive in China today, emerged as a consciously constructed emotion during the second half of the nineteenth century, and was given an emotional content through a long and complex process of internalization and habituation. Humiliation implied a sense of collective responsibility. The causes of failure could be attributed to the nationââ¬â¢s lack of effort or ability, not to external factors independent of human will. It promoted voluntarist strategies of national revenge. Self-accusation completed the idea of causal attribution. The nation-race exacerbated the feeling of humiliation by accusing itself of failureâ⬠(Brook Frolic, 1997) At times though, the basis for fostering the feeling of humiliation is rather far-fetched. Renowned social thinker and translator of Western philosophical works Yan Fu has a rather paranoid vision of insecurity for the Chinese people. During the late nineteenth century when he lived, he was alerting his readership to the possibility of the Chinese race being destroyed by black, brown and white races. Following Yan Fuââ¬â¢s assessment of threat to the race, subsequent generations of Chinese intellectuals have played upon it and magnified it so that nationalist and patriotic feelings are consolidated in the collective Chinese psyche and totalitarian excesses are tolerated for this cause. For example, a contemporary legal scholar Yuan Hongbing from Beijing University had recently called for ââ¬Å"a new heroism in order to save the fate of the race and for a totalitarian regime which would fuse the weak, ignorant and selfish individuals of the race into a powerful wholeâ⬠¦only pu rification through blood and fire would provide a solution to Chinaââ¬â¢s problemsâ⬠(Yang, 2007).
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